Cyclization creates an anomericcarbon (former carbonyl carbon) generating the α and β configurations.
The aldehyde or ketone grp reacts with the –OH grp on the same sugar.
Cyclization of Monosaccharides Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbon are predominantly found in the ring form.
Epimers CHO dimers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom -Glucose and galactose, C4 -Glucose and Mannose, C2 Galactose and mannose are not epimersĮnantiomers (D- and L-Forms) Structures that are mirror images of each other are designated as D- and L- sugars based on the position of –OH grp on the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon Majority of sugars in humans are D-sugars.
of asymmetric CĪldo-Keto Isomers Example: Glucose (Aldose) and Fructose (Ketose)
Isomers Compounds having samechemical formula but different structural formula The No.
Functional sugar group: Aldehyde group – aldoses Keto group – ketoses Monosaccharides Further classified based on: 1.
Polysaccharides: more than 10 sugar units Homopolysaccharides & heteropolysaccharides.
Oligosaccharides: 3-10 monosaccharide units.
Many diseases associated with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism including: Diabetes mellitus Galactosemia Glycogen storage diseases Lactose intolerance.
OVERVIEW Carbohydrates: The most abundant organic molecules in nature The empiric formula is (CH2O)n, “hydrates of carbon” Carbohydrates: provide important part of energy in diet Act as the storage form of energy in the body are structural component of cell membranes
The structure and function of glycosaminoglycans.
The main role of carbohydrates in providing and storing of energy.
The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance.
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